Essay about Subjugaiton of women in death of a salesman

Arthur Miller said about women, â€Å"I like the company of women. Life is boring without them† (guardian.co.uk). The company that Miller believes women provide becomes an important aspect in the decisions he makes in his adulthood. During his adulthood, decided to engage in short-lived relationships and marry three different women. Quickly after college, Miller married his college girlfriend, Mary Grace Slattery, and started a family with her. Soon afterwards, Miller met and immediately connected with iconic Marilyn Monroe. He later decided to leave his wife of six years and two children to marry Monroe. After being together for two years, Miller decided to divorce the suicidal Marilyn Monroe. After his decision to leave Monroe, Miller†¦show more content†¦Willy’s foundation for the subjugation and objectification he treats women with is apparent in the lesson he teaches Biff about women. Willy remembers this lesson in the beginning of his first flashba ck, emphasizing the importance the lesson has on Willy’s life. After hearing about Biff’s interaction with women, Willy tells Biff, â€Å"Just wanna be careful with those girls, Biff†¦. Don’t make any promises†¦. Because a girl, y’know, they always believe what you tell’em, and you’re very young, Biff, you’re too young to be talking seriously to girls† (16). Willy’s incentive for teaching Biff this lesson is to inform Biff about the seriousness girls believe relationships are with men, so Willy informs Biff to stay away from these relationships. Willy’s teachings reflect his objectifying view of women because he encourages short-lived relationships without the consideration of the feelings a woman may feel through the lack of commitment in the relationships. Not only does Willy objectify women by not considering the feelings they may have for certain actions, he also subordinates Linda through his att empts to assert his dominance. Within the first few moments of the play, Willy’s subordinate view towards Linda becomes known. Returning home from work, Willy is exhausted. Linda, feeling Willy needs to eat after a long day of work, convinces Willy to eat a sandwich she would prepare for him. When Willy notices the cheese he normally eats replaced by a new

Museum Visit - 1511 Words

The analysis of two outstanding artworks: The Divine Shepherdess and Child with Saint John the Baptist and an Angel The art works in the art center provides a broad range of artistic visions from different period of times as well as various cultural backgrounds. Among them I choose two religious painting as my favorite: The Divine Shepherdess, from 1780-1800, which is an oil painting on canvas; and Domenico di Bartolomeo Ubaldini’s Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist and an Angel, from 1518-1520. The latter one is also an oil artwork, but on panel, not on canvas. According to the annotate of The Divine Shepherdess, the theme source comes from the words of Saint Antoine, who said: â€Å"Mary is the Good Shepherd who†¦show more content†¦At the bottom right corner, John the Baptist has been depicted as infant at seemingly the same age as Child Jesus. Saint John raises his arm, with a scroll bearing the first few words of the phrase ‘ECCE. AGNVS DEI QVI TOLLIT PECCATUM MONDI’ (Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world). In this artwork, we are not able to see the whole phrase but several letters among them, but it is definitely presenting the same words. The pleasure on Saint John’s face while looking at the scroll foretells his devotion in the future as a Baptist. An angel standing next to the Virgin looks at the Child Jesus, who looks over his shoulder. The caring face of the angel indicates Jesus’s sacrifice is praised not only by the common people, but holy figures. The background is mainly dark grey, makes the figures at the front to stand out. Personally, I think the painting is aesthetically attractive because of the special style of the artist. Realistic are the faces of the figures, which look like real human with beauty appearance, and their bodies. Idealistic elements include the glowing casts on the Virgin, the Child Jesus, and Saint John the Baptist, and the sacredness the artist tries to convey through the image. These two painting, The Divine Shepherdess and Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist and an Angel, have various similarities andShow MoreRelatedMuseum Visit1022 Words   |  5 PagesI had the pleasure of visiting The Miami Art Museum and was very impressed by what I encountered and viewed. I have never found interest in art until I got to see the museum. Throughout my exploration at the Miami Art Museum I was able to view a wide selection of art. 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Each section of the museum represented a movement of the 60’s. The themes repre sented were segregation of blacks and whites, how they tried to gain equality and the changes they anticipated would happen in the future. The artwork throughout the exhibit was displayed in a varying gradient of black and white to colors. The type of backgroundRead MoreA Visit At The Museum Of Fine Arts1210 Words   |  5 PagesMuseum Assignment On November 8th, 2016 I took a trip to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, to conduct research on different kinds of art. When I got there I went straight to The Ancient World exhibit to find a piece of artwork that I found fascinating. The moment I took a step through those giant glass doors, I saw the Colossal Statue of King Menkaura. This vast piece of artwork had so much history and detail from one particular era, it was almost breathtaking. 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Consumer Evaluations of Sales Promotion

Question: Describe about the Consumer Evaluations of Sales Promotion? Answer: Introduction In present times, companies are taking serious steps to develop products which are in line with the theory of ethical consumerism. By definition, ethical consumerism refers to the ethics and values followed by consumers while making any purchase or buying products from companies (Jay, 2008). Under the idea of ethical consumerism, consumers base their ideas of buying products considering social, ethical and environmental attributes. Various studies suggest that only handful of consumers make their buying decisions depending upon the ethical basis (Alvarez and Casielles, 2008). Task 1 aims at analysing the methods that can be adopted by companies such as Rana Plaza toenhance their business practices and prevent tragedies to occur in future (Bucaro, 2007). Alternatively, Task 2 aims at examining any organisation and how they operate ethically, taking into account their approach to consumerism, values and environmental friendliness.The organisation selected to examine to carry out the an alysis is Adidas. Adidas is a multinational company based in Germany and engaged in manufacturing sports shoes and apparels for men, women and kids (Jay, 2008). The company is considered as one of the premier sport shoes manufacturing companies across globe and largest employers in world. In 2013, the total number of employees working for Adidas was 50,278. Body Now days, consumers have become aware and looks not just for goods at fair prices but also qualitative products. As a result, consumers are considering ethics of the company as an important factor in deciding whether to buy the product or not (Auchmutey, 2009). This is evident of the fact that consumers are concerned about different issues that company might face from which product is bought. For instance, some of the issues of the company can include labour practices, diversity quotes, environmental policies etc (Braley, 2008). In the case study, a building in Bangladesh, Rana Plaza collapsed on garment workers of a factory in it. The collapse happened four months after a fire broke out at a similar facility. These kinds of tragedies have made consumers think twice before buying products (Anderson and Cunningham, 2008). In Bangladesh, one of the poorest economies in world had already a series of industrial accidents. Although Bangladesh has become one of the key exporters of cloth t o developed countries such as USA and UK due to its low wages, the government, labour groups and western clothing companies are taking steps to minimise industrial tragedies (Birch and Moon, 2008). One of the steps being taken in this direction is encouraging ethical consumerism. By definition, ethical consumerism refers to buying goods and products that are developed ethically (Auchmutey, 2009). In broader sense, developing ethically refers to developing in a way that doesnt harm to or exploit human, animals and natural environment. Ethical consumerism is carried in two ways: Positive Buying and Moral Boycotting. Positive buying refers to the process of favouring ethical products and businesses that operate on the principles of developing ethical products instead of just focussing on self interest (Rawwas, 2007). Alternatively, moral boycotting refers to the negative purchasing and company based purchasing. In the case study also, companies sourcing clothes from Rana Plaza can help enhance business practices to prevent re-occurrence of tragedies such as collapsing of buildings or breaking of fire (Rob, 2010). The garment industry contributes to 80% of Bangladeshs yearly exports and employs a whopping 4 million people at present (Carroll, 2009). Two years back, over a thousand garment workers were killed and 2500 injured when on a very unfortunate day, Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh collapsed on them while they were working (Rallapalli, 2008). It is shocking that despite sourcing clothes to many western high street fashion stores like Mango and Benetton, the condition of the garment industry in Bangladesh is poor and the factories are highly vulnerable to many disasters (Rob, 2010). It is high time that the government, local manufacturers, consumers and of course the sourcing companies pulled up their socks and took initiatives to prevent any kind of disasters from occurring in this industry (Borzaga and Becchetti, 2010). The sourcing companies could consider the following few actions in order to prevent Bangladesh clothing factories disasters: The sourcing brands like Primark, Bennetton, Mango, Matalan and Bonmache must put certain measures in place to make sure that the garment workers in the clothing factories in Bangladesh are paid enough. This would further help the workers and factory owners build and work factories that are structurally well equipped and sound have got sufficient fire escapes, and that there are enough health and safety provisions (Bateman, 2007). The high street sourcing companies should understand that only making noises about carrying out initiatives and taking appropriate actions would not solve the problem. They need to actually carry out initiatives and take effective actions so that disasters like the one that took place in 2013 are not repeated (Bearden and Teel, 2007). The sourcing companies must make investments per factory so that the changes could be efficiently implemented. They must understand that they could afford to invest money for betterment of the industry but the factory owners cant. The sourcing companies also need to ensure a sustainable supply chain. In order to do this, the large international or western brands like GAP and Walmart that source clothes from the factories in Bangladesh must make programmes like training and development of the workers part of business as normal. This would help the workers in developing their skills, further increase the efficiency of the factories thereby ensuring better working conditions for the workers (Grande, 2007). The sourcing companies need to speak to the workers frequently about their concerns and problems being faced by them at work, and adopt appropriate measures to curb their problems. Before sourcing clothes, the sourcing companies must check that the garment factories they are dealing with conform to building codes. If they do not, the companies must end the contract then and there. This would encourage the factory owners to revamp the factories and adopt appropriate safety measures. The sourcing companies greatly need to encourage ethical consumerism. They could do this as part of being a sustainable corporate business. This would encourage consumers to think about environmental and societal aspects before deciding to buy clothes or any other product. In second section, this report intends to evaluate the ethics followed by Adidas while developing their products. Adidas is a multinational company based in Germany and engaged in manufacturing sports shoes and apparels for men, women and kids (Dick and Basu, 2007). The company is considered as one of the premier sport shoes manufacturing companies across globe and largest employers in world. In 2013, the total number of employees working for Adidas was 50,278. Many large organizations, including Adidas, pay attention to offering the right product for all their consumers and increase the value of their relationship with each one of them (Grande, 2007). While they are optimum on offering some amazing products for all the customers, they have aimed at maintaining them completely compliant with the environment as well. The company aims at saving water, energy and reducing the carbon emissions (Rawwas, Vitell and Al-Khatib, 2006). They design shoes and other products through various re-u sable materials. This is done by taking into consideration the use of renewable materials for manufacturing. Thus, the environmental footprints on the use of raw materials and various products are improved. To maintain the bridge of consumerism intact, the company carries out various audits for managing the sales and the manufacturing rates as well. They sponsor, advice and listen to all the possible outcomes to make sure that premium quality of products are effectively delivered (Rust and Zahorik, 2009). Thus, they are committed to build and maintain relationships by supporting various athletes through their products. They abide by all the ethical rules and make sure that every person gets hold of the best products that are offered under the brand name (Sirdeshmukh, Singh and Sabol, 2008). Through their products, they create a podium of communication for exchanging ideas, values and ethical support, which is unwavering along with a promise of eternity (Mazar, 2010). Consumerism defines the ideology of the purchase of goods by various customers, which will enhance the functioning of the company related to a certain amount of sales and marketing. Customers are the most important thing for any organization and it is through the customers that an organization will flourish considerably (Sullivan and Anderson, 2007). The importance of having innumerable customers and following epic consumerism is as follows: Repeating the process of selling and purchasing is extremely important for any organization as it offers revenue and certainty for any business (Tsai, Liang and Liu, 2007). All the organizations hugely depend on the customers for increasing the amount of revenue that is earned through their business. If the business is not developed as per the needs of the customers, then they might face a drastic downfall. The kind of visitors that nay business earns in a considerable amount of time can be only kept to the mark, if the consumerism is given huge importance. Without the support of the consumers, no organization can survive in the ever-growing competition (Jay, 2008). The sole purpose of any organization should be to value the words of the customer and modify their services accordingly. The aim of being a successful venture can only be fulfilled if the consumer's are valued to a greater extent. Customer satisfaction is the ultimatum, which keeps the business in the drive for achieving more and selling the products at better rates (Vredenburg and Wee, 2010). The relationship that a company builds through the consumers should always be in an ascending order. This is because, as long as the ladder of improvement is occupied on a daily basis, a company will reach to the pinnacle of success in no time. The stage to where the customers allow a company to rise depends on the satisfaction that any company offers (George, 2010). Conclusion In nutshell, it can be said that ethical consumerism can be one of the critical steps towards encouraging companies to develop product that dont harm natural environment, animals or anything related to it. The study indicates that one of the major reasons for such a buying behaviour of consumers is that they are not ready to make any compromise with price, quality and ethical considerations of the product. Hence, more and more companies are turning towards developing products based on ethical values. It is believed that the companies that dont implement ethical consumerism at their operational level are likely to fail in the long run. In addition to this, there is a great need for the government of Bangladesh, the local garment manufacturers and most importantly for the sourcing companies to adopt effectual methods and strategies to improve the overall condition of the clothing industry in Bangladesh. The western high street fashion brands such as Benetton and Mango to which the Bangladesh clothing industry caters must adopt measures in order to improve the deprived condition of the workers, poor safety and health measures at the earliest. The sourcing companies, the government and the workers themselves need to learn lessons from the disaster that took place at Rana Plaza in 2013. Because of this disaster which was a result of complete carelessness and negligence of the factory owner, builder, government and the sourcing companies, the garment workers in Bangladesh must be feeling like it has hit the crisis point. But the horrifying truth is that many more disasters are waiting to happen because the poor conditio ns in the garment industry of Bangladesh continue to exist. Urgent actions need to be taken for fixing the issues. Recommendations Some of the recommendations for the sourcing companies that buy cloth from the garment industry in Bangladesh are: They must encourage ethical consumerism. They must address all the issues that exist in the Bangladesh garment industry. The sourcing companies must understand that they can fix the issues but the industry cannot. This is because the brand that source garments from Bangladesh garment industry are all high street brands that have been sourcing garments at very cheap costs and making unimaginable profits. The sourcing companies must speak to workers about their concerns because there is no better way to ensure industry compliance with health and safety standards. References Alvarez, B. A. and Casielles, R. V. (2008) Consumer evaluations of sales promotion: The effect on brand choice. European Journal of Marketing, 39 (1), 54-70. Anderson, W. and Cunningham, W.H. (2008) The socially conscious consumer, Journal of Marketing, 36, 23-31. Auchmutey, J. (2009). "Trying on carbon-neutral trend". Atlanta Journal-Constitution (The Atlanta Journal-Constitution). Bateman, C. R. (2007) Framing effects within the ethical decision making process of consumers, Journal of Business Ethics, 36, 119-126. Bearden, W. O. and Teel, J. E. (2007) "Selected Determinants of Consumer Satisfaction and Complaint Reports," Journal of Marketing Research, 20, 21-28. Birch, D. and Moon, J. (2008) Introduction; JCC theme issue: corporate social responsibility in Asia. Journal of Corporate Citizenship 13: 18-23 Borzaga, C, and Becchetti, L. (2010) The Economics of Social Responsibility. 6th ed. New York: Routledge. Braley, S. J. F. (2008). Ethics incorporated: Department managers set and enforce guidelines. Meetings and Conventions. 36(1), 58-66. Bucaro, R. C. (2007). Tackling the ethics question in business. Club Industry. 17(1), 14. Carroll, A. (2009) Business Ethics: Brief Readings on Vital Topics, 3rd ed. London: Routledge. Dick, A. S. and Basu, K. (2007) Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 99113. George, N. (2010). "It goes against our nature; but the left has to start asserting its own values". The Guardian. Accessed on 28 Feb, 2015. Grande, C. (2007-). "Ethical consumption makes mark on branding". FT.com. Accessed 28 Feb, 2015. Jay, K. (2008). "First Carbon Neutral Zone Created in the United States". Reuters. Mazar, N. (2010). Do Green Products Make Us Better People?, Nina Mazar. Rallapalli, K. C. (2008) `Consumer Ethical Beliefs and Personality Traits: An Exploratory Analysis', Journal of Business Ethics, 13(7), 487-495. Rawwas, M. Y. A., (2007) `Consumer Ethics: An Empirical Investigation of the Ethical Beliefs of Austrian Consumers', Journal of Business Ethics, 15(9), 1009-1019. Rawwas, M. Y. A., Vitell, S. J. and Al-Khatib, J. A. (2006) `Consumer Ethics: the Possible Effects of Terrorism and Civil Unrest on the Ethical Values of Consumers', Journal of Business Ethics, 13(3), 223-231. Rob, G. (2010). "Accounting and accountability : changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reportin., Journal of CSR. Rust, R. and Zahorik, A. (2009) Customer Satisfaction, Customer Retention, and Market Share, Journal of Retailing, 69 (2) 193-216. Sirdeshmukh, D., Singh, J. and Sabol, B. (2008) Consumer trust, value, and loyalty in relational exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 66, 1537. Sullivan, M. W.and Anderson, E. W. (2007), "The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer Satisfaction for Firms," Marketing Science, 12, 125-143. Tsai, M., Liang, W. and Liu, M. (2007) The effects of subliminal advertising on consumer attitudes and buying intentions. International Journal of Management, 24 (1), 3-14. Vredenburg, H. and Wee, C. (2010) The Role of Customer Service in Determining Customer Satisfaction, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 14 (2), 17-26.

Truman, The Ideal Man Essay Example For Students

Truman, The Ideal Man? Essay In the same motion as putting on his jacket Truman reaches for his suitcase. He walks through his perfect house nice, tidy and spacious. Exiting the front door he sees his neighbors across the road  Morning Truman, Morning, and in case I dont see ya good afternoon, good evening and goodnight.  The white picket fences run down the street further then the eye can see its a perfect street of perfect houses with perfect neighbors in a perfect world. This isnt one of your typical Jim Carey movies; its a Peter Weir (Director) masterpiece. Truman Burbank (Jim Carey) plays a middle class husband who lives in a world inside a world. He lives in a studio where everything is fake and everyone fakes who they are. He is married to a fake wife and works for a fake company. He is unaware that his life is broadcast around the world twenty-four hours a day seven days a week. The only thing real in his life is him and his emotions. We will write a custom essay on Truman, The Ideal Man? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Truman show appears to be placed in a very definitive discourse The middle class, double income, one or no child discourse. The discourse is so obvious throughout the film cause it works on the stereotypical views that we all hold. Living in a beautiful neighborhood were everyone knows everyone and get along with no problems, the beautiful houses but not mansion that look alike to the one next door and the highways of white picket fences that bring a sense of purity to the whole place. This is all the features of a middle class family or couple. Its what everyone wants but little can have. The film boarders on being very much like a normal soapie it goes through the lives of a middle class family showing off there highs and lows and the riches they earn an excellent example would be Neighbors. Neighbors focuses on middle class families living on Ramsey Street and just like the Truman show shows each and every part of there lives everyday. A movie duplicate of the Truman show would be American Beauty. The main character lives in a white picket world, he defies his reality by escaping what everyone else has set for him and his life. All this links give a deeper look into a middle class life and how its always controlled by an outer factor. The obvious foregrounding present is the White picket fence world a perfect world with everything that we all want, stability, nice jobs, nice house and nice neighborhood. The whats privileged is what we dont see the reality of the whole thing the crime, the homeless, the problems families face its all not shown in the light, all kept away to make it a happy lifestyle with not a problem in the world. In the crucial scene, which also happens to be one of the last scenes of the film, Truman defies his reality and finally comes to the end of his search for meaning.  Truman literally sails to the end of his world finding out the real truth behind his life when he finally gets to talk to Christof (Ed Harris) the creator of the Truman Show. The music and sound play a large part in the emotional side of the film. When Truman touches the wall of stadium and starts punching it all you can hear is the music and no sound of crying or pounding. This allows the audience to reflect on what is happening and to make up there own emotions. The camera work in relation to where Truman is standing is always looking down at him to signify that when Christof speaks that he is a higher being living up to his name of Christ_of Truman. The lighting also helps in this cause as its bright and a beautiful day to represent the beginning of a new life, in this case Trumans new life in the real world. The dialogue in this scene is where most people finally find out the truth behind the whole film: .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 , .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .postImageUrl , .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 , .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:hover , .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:visited , .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:active { border:0!important; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:active , .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1 .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u87da81a82d64b5b8ebef93ee8162e0f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christian symbolism, especially images that refer to the crucifixion of Christ, is present throughout The Old Man and the Sea EssayIam the creator of a TV show that gives hope, joy and inspiration to millions  and Truman finally finds out the truth about himself:  Was nothing real?  You were real thats what made you so good to watch. Listen to me Truman theres no more truth out there then there is in the world I created for you. Same lies, same deceit but in my world you have nothing to fear. I know you better then you know yourself. The whole film runs around lies and deceit wrapped up in a pretty cover of a white picket fenced world. The world couldnt exist for long as it was too perfect and in time it all fell apart. We all want to have a double income family, live in a beautiful house, get along with our neighbors but for Truman that wasnt enough he wanted everything else that came along with life, the problems and pains. So when the end drew nearer he got what he wanted in one way and the other.

A Historical Look at Punishment

A Historical Look at Punishment Free Online Research Papers Imagine for a moment being Robert-Francois Damiens, who in 1757 was executed for the attempted murder of King Louis XV. Mostly likely one would expect to be put to death by a quick beheading through the use of a gelatin or by the swing of an executioner’s sword. However, this was not the case. His sentencing required flesh from his body to be torn off by flamed pincers, having those wounds filled with molten sulfur, and to be quartered by four horses which involved the horses pulling in opposite directions until the body’s limbs were ripped off. In today’s American society one would find this sentencing to be under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Act which does not allow for such a horrific torture to take place. We would, on the other hand, expect the punishment to be severe for such an elevated offense, but the punishment for an attempted murder of an official would more likely involve life in prison, with a possible chance of parole or less. This quick description of punishment in different eras shows a little bit of where we were with the treatment of criminals in the past, and where we are today. To fully understand how we have made such accomplishments and changes in controlling deviancy we must look to the very earliest of civilizations and through time to realize why the changes were made and what they were. The Ancient Times were loaded with diverse punishment for criminals, and ways of deterring criminal acts to take place. Greece, for instance, heavily practiced execution, banishment, and exile. Execution consisted of crucifixion, stoning to death, and throwing from high cliffs. Many of the executed were left in public view while their body’s rotted away to deter others from committing the same crime. Israel followed the codes of the Bible, punishing criminals through exposure to wild animals, lashings, cursing, crucifixion, and casting down. The punishment was to revenge what laws of the Bible they broke and to be equal to what they have done. Early Rome had The Twelve Tables, which were the earliest written laws and punishment were burning to equal the offense of arson, throwing from a cliff for perjury, clubbing to death for mocking a fellow citizen, hanging for stealing crops or other property, and a few other vicious punishments for higher offenses. As society entered into the Middle Ages physical punishment followed in a similar fashion to ancient times through European countries and American colonies. The punishment involved five degrees of severity and were all held out in a public arena. The first degree was flogging and whipping, which was used mainly for control over prisoners. Used heavily throughout American colonies until the 20th century, the whipping allowed officials to forcefully control subjects and to deter others by the fear of harsh rules that follow imprisonment. The second level consisted of the burning of skin and flesh. As discussed in the case of Damiens, burning of the flesh was carried out as a deterrent and as a means of revenge. A third degree offense would have involved mutilation or an act that would have left the body permanently disfigured. These punishments were dealt to offenders as a deterrent to others and were designed to match the offense accordingly. For example, a thief would have the ir hands cut off, a liar would have their tongue ripped out, and a sexual offender would have their genitals removed. A fourth degree offense ended in instant death. Reserved mainly for royalty and nobles, the death was quick and virtually painless. Decapitation in this manner was seen as an honorable death through the Middle Ages. Finally, the fifth and last level of severity led to a very torturous, painful, and agenizing death. This is exactly what Damiens would have been sentenced to for his murder attempt on the king. It consisted of all the other punishment levels and a multitude of acts. Torture was used in the sentencing to gain confession of the criminal’s wrong doing and in efforts to free their souls from the evils which they committed. Also some societies practiced exile and transportation. The punishment sent criminals to foreign land or to newly discovered land as a way to remove them from society. Greek offenders were forced to Rome, who also practiced exiling any criminals to other countries. Amazingly, America was one of the newly discovered lands that Europe used as a transportation and exile area. The big change in punishment came about in the 16th and 17th centuries throughout Europe and began to spread elsewhere. What began as workhouses for social deviants and minor criminals would eventually span out to become long term, up to two years, holding cells for all criminals and even those who actually haven’t broke any written laws, such as mentally ill. The motivation behind this switch was a change in attitude towards punishment and its physicality. Thought began to emerge of taking away personal freedom and to make the person’s soul and spirit suffer more harshly then the body. Another main factor that led to more modern day prison versions was the passing of laws to keep non-criminals out of prison. This meant that there would no longer be holdings of mentally ill, children, women, and a very large number of debtors who were originally placed together. Reformers such as William Penn, John Howard, and Jeremy Bentham began studying prison systems to better the development and the purpose of prisons as institutions of rehabilitation. Penn shifted punishment by setting only one capitol punishment, being premeditated murder, and abolishing all former English capitol punishments. This became known as the â€Å"Great Act† of 1682. Howard and Bentham stayed busy by writing books on reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners, and by developing new versions of prison architecture. Along with other reformers, these men were able to help swing society’s view of punishment and set up new deviance control methods that were more centered on criminals and teaching them ways to correct their criminal ways. Obviously the harsh punishment in Ancient Times and through the Middle Ages wasn’t the most efficient manner to deter criminal acts because crime rates did not drop nor did criminals stop committing the same crimes. One of the problems revolved around the fact that many being punished were not offenders of serious crimes. Many were forced to thievery because of their social status and it was the only way for survival, while others were punished because they were in debt to a noble. The shift towards prison sentences established a well defined written law and also set punishment levels more accordingly to their offenses. Today’s prison, parole, and probation system allows use to hold prisoners in appropriate places. Our society has minimum to high security prison that have the ability to separate the serious and violent offenders from those who committed lesser acts. This keeps morale high for those who now the will be returned to society after a short sentence bec ause they understand that the situation could be worse. Probation and parole allows the offender to slowly adjust to normal society through certain regulations, routine drug checks, and probation or parole meetings to affirm success or to catch another criminal act by the offender. This operates as a deterrent and as a guide to the offender, while at the same time creates a system of checks and balances that officials can follow to assure they are releasing a reformed person who is no longer a deviant of society. However punishment is dealt, we will always have deviants in society, and it would be impossible to eliminate all criminal acts. I think we have come a long way in controlling deviancy and where we are at today has led to crime rate drops and will only continue to create new techniques in criminal deterrence, reformation and rehabilitation, and better programs to reintroduce criminals into society. Research Papers on A Historical Look at PunishmentCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Fifth HorsemanBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

The Safavid Empire of Persia

The Safavid Empire of Persia The Safavid Empire, based in Persia (Iran), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736. Members of the Safavid Dynasty likely were of Kurdish Persian descent and belonged to a unique order of Sufi -infused Shia Islam called Safaviyya. In fact, it was the founder of the Safavid Empire, Shah Ismail I, who forcibly converted Iran from Sunni to Shia Islam and established Shiism as the state religion. Its Massive Reach At its height, the Safavid Dynasty controlled not only the entirety of what is now Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, but also most of Afghanistan, Iraq, Georgia, and the Caucasus, and parts of Turkey, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. As one of the powerful gunpowder empires of the age, the Safavids re-established Persias place as a key player in economics and geopolitics at the intersection of the eastern and western worlds. It ruled over the western reaches of the late Silk Road, although the overland trade routes were quickly being supplanted by ocean-going trading vessels. Sovereignty The greatest Safavid ruler was Shah Abbas I (r. 1587 - 1629), who modernized the Persian military, adding musketeers and artillery-men; moved the capital city deeper into the Persian heartland; and established a policy of tolerance towards Christians in the empire. However, Shah Abbas was fearful to the point of paranoia about the assassination and executed or blinded all of his sons to prevent them from replacing him. As a result, the empire began a long, slow slide into obscurity after his death in 1629.

The Probation System of Georgia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Probation System of Georgia - Term Paper Example As observed in the past years, the crime rate has increased leading to a consequent upsurge in the number of criminals in the population, in the state of Georgia. This resulted in set up of improved probationer and management responsibilities. Therefore, the probation operations were more successful such that an improvement in case management was observed. Improved case management resulted in supervision that is more efficient from the probation officers in such a way that they did not affect the society in a negative manner. There was also the creation of an environment whereby the departments run by the probation officers are redirected such that the probation officers handle cases of higher risk probationer population. The state of Georgia also developed the Probation Reporting Contact Centre. It was specifically developed to help in the improvement of processes by the probation officers and acted as a reliable source of information and assistance. The Probation Reporting Contact Centre was also observed to offer relief to the probation officers through offering compliance reports and offering routine content. This was made probable by the formation of an Interactive Voice Response system, which handled the automation of notes system documentation and call reception automation. The adoption of this new system also meant that the probation officers received customer support from staff members designated to make live telephone conversations. The Probation Reporting Contact Centre proved to be an efficient and effective way since it offered a low risk operation whereby all stable probationers were in a position to report their residences and at the same time comply with the court order conditions of probation. Through this body, the probation officers were also able to participate in self-improvement programs with translation in better service delivery (Palmer, 2008). The probation officers are responsible for the management of all cases and the decision-making activities pertaining offenders in the state of Georgia. These probation officers are highly qualified in the field of handling cases of delinquency and hence the all the assisting technologies were designed in such a way that all the data concerning patients was delivered to the probation officers in a timely manner electronically. The transmission of patient’s data electronically prepares the probation officers psychologically such that they are able to prepare prior to meeting with the patient. As a result, the tactics and approaches employed by the probation officers are informed as they already have an insight of the case at hand. This increased the effectiveness of the probation programs making the probation system in Georgia robust. The Probation Reporting Contact Centre acts as a very essential reporting tool for the probation officers. This is because this organization was formed and designed in such way that it acts as a positive sanction and supervision tool. The use of this instrument has proven to be very successful in the sense that the community receives safer and faster probationer supervision and compliance. This is evident through instances whereby the probationers are not always required to report to the office to offer their service as a probation officer in person. This in turn translates into the overcoming of many shortcomings posed such as time wastage on the job owning to the wait time in most probation lobbies and childcare expenses. The incorporation of this new technology in probation offices,

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Hamlet - Essay Example These include the 'Histoires Tragiques' by Francois de Belleforest and the ‘Saxo Grammaticus' History of Denmark, written in Latin in the 12th century. The plot revolves around Hamlet and his psychological turmoils in the midst of a vortex of violence and murders. In the play Hamlet's uncle usurps his father's throne and takes his father's wife as his own. His uncle does this after first killing Hamlet’s father the King of Denmark. Hamlet, in an act of revenge, kills his uncle in turn. This basic storyline is the backdrop of a great emotional and psychological inner turmoil on the part of Hamlet. Here Hamlet is unable to resolve some fundamental dilemmas, including a large degree of uncertainty over his uncle's accountability for the crime (Shakespeare; Mabillard; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt). This paper focuses on the literary element of character, and in particular the character of Hamlet, focusing on the theme of uncertainty and the subjectivity of human experience. The thesis is that this uncertainty is at the root of Hamlet's inner struggles to come to terms with the death of his father and the hands of fate that seemed to have thrust him into the position of avenging son and tormented soul (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; Mabillard). II. ... In this scene Hamlet is in a Danish plain, pondering after he had asked Rosencrantz to go ahead of him while he took some time to collect himself (Shakespeare): Now, whether it be   Bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple   Of thinking too precisely on th' event, A thought which, quarter'd, hath but one part wisdom   And ever three parts coward,- I do not know   Why yet I live to say 'This thing's to do,'   Sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means   To do't. (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 4, p. 81) In the passage above Hamlet is examining his own thought processes and his own subjective way of processing his reality, and come face to face with an ambiguity in his understanding of how he thinks and acts (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 4. p. 81). Yes, in the end Hamlet understands that to live is to live in ambiguity. Within this subjectivity the character of Hamlet unfolds. One lives with one’s biases. In the following passage Hamlet demonstrates this, as in grief he colors the chain of events leading to her mother's remarriage and his father’s death with his own subjective bias (Shakespeare): My father's brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules. Within a month, Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! (Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, p. 11) In the passage above the subjectivity springs from Hamlet’s grief over his father’s death, which prompts him to feel aggrieved and to be affronted by what he subjectively interprets as his mother and uncle’s deceit (Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, p. 11). An aspect of that subjective uncertainty is in evidence in the way

Coursework on sociology Essay Example for Free

Coursework on sociology Essay To be a non-traditional student is not at all an easy decision I made. Having my own family who needs my full time and attention is the biggest consideration I had when I decided to take on-line course. However, my family is also the best encouragement and inspiration I had. The world is taking its fast pace towards globalization and everyone must be able to cope up. The computerization of almost everything requires that everyone must conform to the speed of economic changes. In this world where education is a key to success and progress, everyone must avail of education by any means available. I believe that the best thing I can do is to avail of education while still having time with my family is to take online courses. The decision will affect my social life and the financial status of my family since I will have to allocate time and finances with my studies. The hours I am spending before in personally doing the household chores will now be partly consumed by my studies. The few I hours I am spending before in visiting my friends next door will now be lessened in have time for my studies. (Kindly use the remaining required words in answering the question whether you are studying a technical field) In the absence of on line courses, I may consider having evening or weekend classes. However, evenings are my only time to help my kids in their home works. I do not want to sacrifice weekends either because I strictly set these days as family and church days. So the best thing for me is to choose timeslots that will best fit school hours when my children are in school which online courses offered. Question 2 English is undoubtedly the world’s widely accepted language as it is the required language for everyone to communicate globally. It is therefore important that everyone be able to have the opportunity to learn Standard English in order to cope up with the fast changing world especially that the world is pushing through globalization. I believe that even the students in the rural areas can compete globally. However, it is impossible for them to do it if they cannot meet the standards of the global arena expressed in Standard English. I believe that with this need, a child needs to learn English even before he go to a formal school. This does not however mean that local dialects are to be set aside and be forgotten. While English has been set as the official language of Kentucky in 1984, I believe that their local dialects as well as that of African-American who speak Ebonics must still be practiced. â€Å"Teachers should be given every possible tool to reach our children† (L. L. Rush). Even in school premises, it is important that students be able to freely express themselves which can only be possible when they speak in their dialects. But in order for them to cope up with the global standard, they are to strive hard in learning Standard English. Even the government of Kentucky is doing steps in order to assure that the students get the minimum skills required in English and Mathematics (V. Honawar). China, being the host in the 2008 Olympics is requiring its people to learn English in preparation of the event. The best way to learn is to practice and that is what every child in Kentucky and the rest of the world must do. This way, their confidence in facing the world will be better build up which will be their instrument in achieving success whether educational or economic success. Question 3 Robert William’s list of values have been created in 1970, that was more than three decades ago. The world has changed a lot, and so are the American’s perspectives, priorities and moral standards. As a contemporary American, morality and family are the values that are of the highest importance to me. With the fast changing world, I value education in order for me to cope up with the success and progress of the world. In order for me to do this, I need to avail of the freedom and equality that the American government offers. All of my current efforts are for my family and I owe all of what I have now from God. With reference to William’s list, I think that the importance of protecting the family is the value that he had missed. As I browsed on the websites providing lists and information on the American values, I was impressed with the survey results made by the Roper Poll Corporation revealing that protecting the family is the first in the list of values that Americans consider as important. The other values in William’s list still appear to be the same important values for Americans although there is a noticeable change in their sequence. I believe that because America has already been progressive, the value of success, achievement and progress are no longer on top of the list. Most of the websites I browsed agreed on the order of the values but are contrary to William’s list in the sense that family is not included in the latter’s list. Also, achievement and success are no longer on top of the values prioritized by modern Americans. I believe that my list of values will differ with that of the other students in a way that family and morality, including faith are on top of my list. I am assuming that majority of the students will conform with the latest survey of which family is on top but religiosity and morality at the 8th and 9th spots out of ten values. WORKS CITED Crawford, James. â€Å"Issues in U. S. Language Policy†. Retrieved on June 23, 207 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/langleg. htm Grass, Gunter. â€Å"The US Betrays its Core Values†. The Los Angeles Times. April 07, 2003. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. commondreams. org/views03/0407-05. htm Grouling, Thomas E. â€Å"American Values†. â€Å"Common Questions: Uniquely American Questions†. Retrieved on June 23, 2004 from http://www. americanhospitals. com/questions/american/amervalues. htm 06/23/07 Honawar, Vaishali. â€Å"Kentucky Seeks to Improve College Readiness†. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. edweek. org/ew/articles/2004/11/17/12ky. h24. html Rush, Ladonna Lewis. â€Å"The Ebonics Debate†. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. princeton. edu/~browning/news/rush. html The American Demographic Magazine. October 2000 issue â€Å"American Values: Overview†. Retrieved on June 22, 2007 from http://www. orednet. org/~jflory/205/day_val_overview. htm

Destined to Fail :: Free Essays Online

Destined to Fail Imagine having to wake up every morning and going to a broken down old building for seven hours a day. In the building you are forced to complete tasks which are easier in other buildings five minutes away, but since yours is poor you can not, if at all, complete these tasks. The outlook is so bleak that it almost seems as if you are destined to fail. For children in Camden, New Jersey this is school. Students in Camden are faced with an obvious, apalling educational disadvantage when viewed against the suburban Cherry Hill schools which are five minutes away. The crux of the problem with the Camden public schools is the impovershed state in which it attempts to educate its children. The main cause for the destitution in the Camden public schools is the serious lack of funds for educational materials including those for school facilities. The schools are in such dire straits that most do not have the necessary materials with which to teach. Students at times do not even have their own textbooks and science labs lack the necessary equipment to teach lessons properly. If a student is lucky enough to receive a textbook it is either outdated or falling apart. School facilities are also in a state of trouble, many are falling apart or have serious problems which inhibit learning. In Savage Inequalities, by Jonathan Kozol, the malfunctioning heating system not only makes the building extremely hot all year round, but also melted approximately forty of the fifty computers in a lab. Is this the proper environment for education? Would you want to go to a school like this? Disadvantages such as these cause greater problems as students progress in their education. The lack of proper educational materials prevents students from learning. Since it prevents students from passing state mandated tests, they have to spend approximately eight months of the year school year, usually in high school, preparing for these exams. In the long run students only learn how to take the test and spend only two months on material which may spark some intellectual interest. Students do not gain any kind of critical thinking or conceptual framework; they are simply robots which know how to pass a certain test. When viewed against students with whom they will be competiting for scholarships, college acceptance, and future employment, Camden public school students have obviously no chance.

School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay

School based alveolar consonant sealer plans have been spread outing throughout schools in the United States. These plans benefit the kids in forestalling disease and besides profit the health care system. So why is it that so much attending is being brought to sealing cavity and crevices in school aged kids? We will research dental sealers, school based plans, and how these plans benefit the professional universe of health care. Body 1 Sealants do non extinguish cavities but aid to protect the dentition from developing cavities. ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Dental sealers can be compared to a plastic like surfacing which bonds to the occlusal surface ( Tomar, & A ; Reeves, 2009 ) . Sealants should be applied before the patient is at hazard for sing dental cavities ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . When puting a sealant many things must be taking into consideration, including location, eruption position, and cavity and crevice morphology. Newly erupted, immature tooth enamel is susceptible to cavities because the enamel is more permeable and has a really high organic content degree. It is critical to protect freshly erupted dentition because it increases the overall length of service of the tooth ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Dental cavities normally form in topographic points where plaque has lingered for an drawn-out sum of clip ( Fontana et al. , 2010 ) . About 90 per centum of cavities in kids are found in cavities and crevices of lasting posterior dentitions with grinders being the most susceptible ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Although sealers are normally effectual at forestalling dental cavities sometimes things go incorrect with sealant arrangement and do the sealers to neglect. Sealants fail on different surfaces of the dentition and besides increase with multiple sealers ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Sound and noncavititizd cavities and crevice surfaces are normally sealed with more importance placed on the posterior dentition ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . The success rate on the lasting first grinders is higher than compared to the 2nd grinders. Mandibular dentitions and mesial sites retained sealers better than maxillary dentitions and distal surfaces. The most common ground for sealant failure is taint of the sealant country with spit. Other factors besides contribute to sealant keeping including experience of the clinician and the cooperation of the client. Puting a dental sealer over cavities is a better option than dental disregard or extraction. ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . If non restored, dental cavities will take to trouble, infection and perchance impaired map ( Tomar, & A ; Reeves, 2009 ) . Children are non placed at a higher hazard for cavities if they missed a planned reapplication of the sealers. Sealant arrangement can be reversible if needed and allows for the tooth doctor to put Restorations on the tooth if necessary ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Body 2 The benefits of puting sealers on dentitions have been established, so how is the United States implementing this School Based Sealant Programs are by and large aimed toward low income kids. Child from lower income households are less likely to have alveolar consonant attention when compared with higher income households ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Families below the federal poorness threshold are twice every bit likely to develop cavities as kids whose households are above the federal poorness threshold. Children from lower income households typically consume cariogenic diets, have low fluoride consumption, have histories of old cavities and besides infrequent dental visits ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Merely about 20 per centum of kids from low income households have received sealers as compared to forty per centum in higher income households ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Targeting specific races or degrees of income can be considered favoritism. Programs must measure which kids do non have regular alveolar consonant attention and integrate these plans to aim these populations ( Siegal, & A ; Detty, 2010 ) . When implementing school based dental sealant plans cost must be taken into consideration ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . It is more effectual and cost conservative to aim populations instead than single kids. Most plans do non hold the support to seal all posterior dentitions, therefore operators must measure the dentitions and determine which teeth are at highest hazard. Programs typically target kids who are in first class to seal first grinders and 6th class to seal 2nd grinders ( Siegal, & A ; Detty, 2010 ) . The operator so must utilize selective sealer applications. The ratio of Restoration to sealant cost is 12:1, which means overall it is cheaper to put sealers than to put Restorations in the dentition ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . School based alveolar consonant sealant plans tend to aim populations that are at the highest hazard for dental cavities. The most common manner used to find which populations are at high hazard is finding the per centum of pupils who are enrolled in the free or decreased monetary value repast plans. Parents of kids in these schools are normally asked to make full out studies in which the followers is reported: whether the kid is enrolled in a free or decreased meal plan, if the childaa‚Â ¬a„?s chief beginning of attention is through Medicaid, or if they are uninsured. Planners so use these studies to measure which schools have kids at higher hazards ( Siegal, & A ; Detty, 2010 ) . Although the operator accesses each single kid the cavities risk appraisal is done at a group degree ( Fontana et al. , 2010 ) . Parental consent is needed in order to supply the kid with sealers. Timing of ratings of the keeping of the sealers depends on many factors including: the plan aims, alterations in dental stuffs and techniques, and motion of pupils. It has been found that sealers cut down dental cavities by 70 eight per centum one twelvemonth after arrangement and 50 nine per centum after four or more old ages. School based dental sealers are portion of a comprehensive attack to cut down the communityaa‚Â ¬a„?s hazard of kids developing cavities ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Body 3 Through school based dental sealant plans kids receive the benefits of having the sealers while pupils deriving cognition, compassion, and understanding from the experience. These plans provide kids with needed attention that they otherwise would non be able to have. Though these larning experience pupils will normally go advocators for school based dental sealers in more schools in their local countries or hometowns ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Programs such as the school- based dental sealant plans besides help pupils to understand dental wellness disparities. These plans besides help pupils in being comfy functioning many diverse populations & A ; have been shown to positively act upon the studentaa‚Â ¬a„?s attitude towards community service ( Holtzman, & A ; Seirawan, 2009 ) . Four handed dental medicine is frequently required, giving the pupils the chance to work together and derive apprehensions from each other ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Students work in squads in connexion with the instructors to measure the demands of the patients and this helps to develop communicating between health care suppliers. In add-on to supplying school based dental sealers pupils should experience a duty to educate both kids and grownups in proper unwritten wellness attention. In the 2007 financial twelvemonth, eighty five per centum of describing provinces have a dental sealant plan in topographic point. The figure of kids being served by these plans has about doubled from 2000 to 2007 ( Holtzman, & A ; Seirawan, 2009 ) . Decision The enlargement of school based dental sealers has been on the rise in the United States. With progresss kids are able to have the basic attentions needed in order to assist them better protect their dentitions. It is promoting to see the figure of kids profiting from these plans continues to lift. The benefits of cavity and crevice sealers in kids have been proven to be a preventive attack to dentistry. As these plans continue to develop every bit good as become educated. As people continue to go more cognizant of the benefits funding for these plans in schools will go on to lift. Sealants will assist to relieve childrenaa‚Â ¬a„?s emphasiss about sing the tooth doctors.

POS

Disease concept note: polycystic ovary syndrome A lot of females worldwide tend to naturally shy off the topic of their genital health. They only come out of this devastating cocoon when the situation is far out of hand and beyond control, deeper analysis into this matter will add water to the myth that mortality rates in females are higher become they are ignorant of the most basic diseases. In matters pertaining reproductive health; the general public usually has very small information of the diseases that affect them (dunaif-1997). The general public is usually satisfied with knowledge of the most common sexually transmitted diseases; gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes and chancroid. This information is so trivial in such a vital topic. Apart from the general genitalia disease symptoms, females should be more cautious about their general health as their bodies are prone to bacteria and viruses compared to men.In this concept note I will be dissecting a not so common disease with very common symptoms that females ignore and only speak out when the symptom worsens. This note is meant to help doctors and nurses remedy the situation. To give it an authentic touch I did a web search from reputable institutions and contrasted the findings with one medical analysis I did on a patient. Signs and SymptomsIrregular menstrual cycleIrregular cycle means there is a delay in the monthly periods or having more than one menstrual cycle in a month. A female's regular cycle is usually 28 days. This statistic may differ a little bit in women as their bodies function differently despite having the same genetic traits and metabolic systems. When a patient highlights missing periods after her pregnancy test was negative most doctors are left with a wide range of diseases to ponder on. Among the common diseases that can cause delay of the menses are urine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease and thyroid cancer. Polycystic ovary syndrome is always denoted by delayed menstrual cycles.Acne breakoutThis is one of the most outstanding symptoms as it is accompanied by an increase in body temperature. The acne appears and disappears sporadically on the body. If a woman above 40 years complains of severe acne breakout then polycystic ovary syndrome should be tested first.Excess hair growth on the faceWomen faces are normally less hairy than men's' faces so a woman should be really alarmed when she notices rapid hair growth on her ears, nose and most of the time chin. This mostly affects women that have just hit 30 years and have contracted the disease.Restlessness and Sleepless nightsThis usually happens as patients having this disease exhibit high stress levels and cannot willingly focus on sleep or concentrate clearly. A slight interruption when the patient is sleeping makes her lose sleep completely. Rapid weight gain or weight lossDue to irregular hormone supply and imbalance, the metabolism in women will tend to change. The change will vary among the lot as they have different metabolic systems. No matter the case, drastic change in weight always mirrors unseen effects of a disease. Causes Withdrawal effects of family planning methods affect women hormonal systems and this in turn distorts the regular ovulation breakdown cycle. The effects if not medicated can be severe to the point of making the woman in question barren.MedicationFemale Patients under intense medication for long term diseases like cancer, diabetes and tuberculosis often experience delayed menses as their systems have to counter the effects of their prescribed dosages. Stress This is among the most ignored cause of polycystic ovary syndrome yet it holds bearing to a major symptom; restlessness and lack of sleep. A female's frequent exposure to stress prone environments alters the functionality of her limbic system and further her stress then menstrual pattern. Remedies There are natural and medical remedies to this disease.The natural remedies should be tested first then medical to follow later if the later has not helped relieve the symptoms. A keen analysis should be done on the patient to ascertain which Medicine prescription is suitable for her. This will prevent further severity of the underlying symptoms. Natural remedies Eating a balanced diet will help stabilize the metabolic system hence restore the females menses cycle. Pineapple and papaya fruits are a recommendation as they have bromeliad that breaks down uterus walls and flashes out any blockages along the way. A patient should also consider eating small quantities of food regulaly.Regular exercises like yoga and crossfit are good for kick starting the brain. Any workout is good as long as it is regular and comfortable.Distress and self-care will help activate the brain cells. One should at least take time and break from her regular routine. Even a 30 minute break can be very relieving. Reduce salt and caffeine consumption. These two food stuffs inhibit the production of hormones and if not moderated they tend to alter the female reproductive system Medicine recommended are tranexamic acid systematic popularly known as Lysteda. It is a miscellaneous coagulant modifier that helps in restoring back damaged cells in the body. Ethynyl estradiol commonly known as Drospirenone is a drug meant to reverse the withdrawal effects of contraceptives in women.Mineral and vitamin supplements can also be prescribed as their role is to stabilize the production of hormones in the body. References Source of remedies for polcystic ovary syndromehttps://www.drugs.com/condition/menstrual-disorderSource of detailed symptoms to the diseasehttps://rubycup.com/all-about-your-periods/irregular-periodsSource of other genital diseaseshttps://www.healthcommunities.com/menstruationInsulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndromeEndocrine review by A Dunaif

buy custom Protecting our Streets essay

buy custom Protecting our Streets essay First, we have to understand what anyone would mean by the term invasion of privacy.This term can mean the violation of ones right or the intrusion into a persons private life without their consent. This can be through physical intrusion or through surveillance using cameras (Elvik Hoye, 2009). The surveillance cameras could be hidden or made public in that the person becomes aware of the absence of privacy in advance or the person is not aware of the absence of privacy, but learns about it later. This brings in the case of usage of traffic lights and cameras on the roads. There are different views on this, since some people conceive the cameras as an invasion to their privacy, while others view them as purely for security on the streets and roads (Mathieu, 2008).This essay tries to argue out whether the traffic lights and cameras are really a privacy concern or a road safety and security measure in towns and cities. Traffic Lights and Cameras Looking at the question with an open mind, one perceives both arguments as rational. First, the idea of being watched every time by a systematized and centralized people with power and a large degree of control over your life sends chills over ones body and sounds more scary than being watched by disorganized people on the street. This means that no one can ever be comfortable with the cameras everywhere on the streets. Disturbing news as they may sound, the public street lights may have the ability to record conversations followed by the ability to broadcast government warnings and put across advertisements about all security issues (Mathieu, 2008). On the other hand, the cameras can undertake x-rays in search for concealed weapons. Privacy infringement is obvious with the cameras ability to record, monitor and display almost everything. On the other hand, the increase of guard rails and road signs cluttering the streets have different aims and have no intention of invading privacy at all. In short, the traffic lights are not about privacy since no individual with a legal and valid license will be expecting privacy on a public street. Some of the intentions of the street lights are to segregate the pedestrians from the vehicles, thus, it provides a degree of safety to the pedestrians (Mohan, Tiwari, Khayesi, 2006). The traffic lights and cameras serve as monitors against those drivers who mind the presence of others on the streets and, therefore, ensure a level of safety on the streets (Elvik Hoye, 2009). However, the necessity of this comes at an expense; the loss of privacy on the streets for those individuals who would prefer it. Although it is important to monitor traffic through the traffic cameras and lights, the concern erupts when the use is extended to streets in residential areas. It is logical to underst and that the residential streets tend to have a higher level of crime than other areas in towns and cities. The attempt to reduce the crime levels in these areas brings about the privacy intrusion concerns. The reason for this is that the security departments try to install security cameras and lights on the streets, but end up violating the fundamental right and need of being left alone. The cameras penetrate to residential areas and homes to the concern of many as they feel watched in all aspects. According to Smith Pack (2002), most of the cameras are installed in high crime areas. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) confirms that some of them are powerful to the extent of being zoomed to reading a book and have the ability of tracking and locating people and vehicles as well as searching particular images from a distance. Basically, this is advanced levels of security enhancement but at the same time the feeling of privacy is definitely eluded. If a security camera can be zoomed to reading a page in a text book in a residential area, then one will be aware of the fact that there is nothing like privacy in that area as the camera can observe everything that one does. All conversations in residential areas and streets with the cameras are viewed, analyzed and recorded for security scrutiny (Mathieu, 2008). This is a total infringement of personal privacy, but absolutely necessary for security purposes. Considering other options through which the police can administer security on the streets except street lights and high resolution surveillance cameras, it wasdiscovered that they are very cost effective and they have no intention of privacy intrusion. Today, most streets are under observation unlike it was in the past. This is a prudent step to ensuring our public security by applying the appropriate measures to guarantee conformity to road traffic safety and protection regulations. The presence of the street lights and cameras enhances a degree of freedom and security to individuals and pedestrians who feel they now have freedom of movement. This freedom of movement motivates every individual to fit in place with each other so as to avoid one user group having an automatic priority or advantage over the other (Mohan, Tiwari Khayesi, 2006). Consequently, as much as streets without camera surveillance have some privacy, safety of human life is enhanced by cameras on this streets tha t act as deterrent to potential criminal acts. Who needs privacy without security anyway? Privacy is very important, but security is more important and as much as the cameras and street lights infringe personal privacy, they enhance personal security, especially in crime zones. The cameras snap breaches of the traffic regulations aiming at vehicle tags and, in some cases, regions drivers. The red light camera does not employ watch cameras to randomly record everything in view on the streets or around the streets. This fact confirms that they at least consider privacy. But does anyone need privacy on the streets? Conversely, availability of traffic lights and cameras helps to control the traffic flow at the intersections. This helps to eliminate conflict flanked by flowing traffic in opposing routes that would instead compel the vehicles to negotiate a protected passage across an intersection, in turn protecting both human lives and any possible destruction of property that could arise from complacence. Considering this importance of the traffic lights, privacy is totally out of place and, therefore, it can never be about it, but rather about road safety. Privacy is not necessary on streets which are public. Traffic lights provide some order, especially in t he big and mostly intersected highways where there is heavy traffic movement, and raises the question of whether we really need traffic lights and cameras in our streets to have human order (Svantesson, 2007). The cameras simply monitor the movements of the vehicles and pedestrians to pinpoint possible collusions and collisions. This acts as a preventive measure to the occurrences of accidents and to improve disaster response rate by the security agencies, to ensure that the victims are saved in case of collisions. Individuals who care about public safety would support the use of traffic lights and cameras to keep vigil of activities in the street. This raises the debate on whether public safety should be protected at the expense of privacy. This is an issue that is yet to receive human consensus with the two groups of pro safety and pro privacy pulling facts on their respective sides. The group supporting public safety consider street lights and cameras to be very essential in driving out the law breakers from the streets and residential places and they accuse those supporting privacy as harboring ill motives. On the other hand, the pro-privacy groups argue that they have a right to their private life free from public scrutiny including government law enforcers. It is, however, acceptable that in addressing the concerns of road users, having traffic lights to assist regulate both the volume and traffic capacity in city roads and major corridors is not only effective but is also necessary. Most governments in the process of providing security to citizens have today deployed lights and cameras in the streets (Mohan, Tiwari Khayesi, 2006). By doing so, citizens are protected from avoidable road accidents and other roadside crimes like hijackings, especially on roads with the highest rate of accidents. By the way equal protection would be provided against other criminal acts like robbery, for potential criminals would not dare commit any unlawful acts under the watchful eyes of the cameras. We have to admit that the rate of crime is high in areas without security cameras and with high levels of privacy. In short, if privacy is prioritized, security is compromised and, if one has to choose a side, security will be chosen. Traffic cameras in most cases help detect individual drivers who are reckless and are likely to cause accidents while at the same time providing useful information to prosecuting authorities in case criminal acts are committed within the view of these cameras. The cameras are set in a way that no photographing takes place without a violation of the street and road laws. They are triggered by rule violations and they do not go off when people need privacy. No one needs privacy in violation of the road laws (John, 2011). The road has sensors embedded and when a driver enters a section against the light, they get photographed as they trigger the cameras. John (2011) writes that in the same way, drivers speeding beyond specified limits trigger the speed cameras to photograph them. In brief, without the cameras and street lights, there would be gross law violation on the roads leading to multiplication of accidents. The concerns of privacy in application of the laws are very minor as pointed out earlier public streets do not need to have privacy, but need to be monitored. This in turn ensures easy prosecution of offenders and getting rid of serial offenders from the society. Informative Section To avoid the use of traffic cameras for the sake of privacy, the society must commit to being better road users. This can only be done by ensuring that individuals who use these roads are fair enough to themselves, especially to their lives, and safety of other citizens. The traffic cameras job of aiding a regulation mechanism for excessive speeds on the part of motorists would then be eliminated and that would be an important first step to getting rid of the gadgets from these streets entirely (Damjanoviski, 2005). Since individuals would not like it when their reckless driving turns into injuries and possible deaths, it is important to make respect of the simple traffic rules a number one prioriy. However, it remains a dream that has for the longest time been a mirage. One of the most camera infested countries in the world is the UK, with almost every street in major towns under surveillance. Several United Kingdom research studies have consistently shown that cameras are very effective in saving lives, rather than having the traffic police officers doing their daily traffic control duties. This is besides the fact that several useful footages are recorded for non traffic related offences (Svantesson, 2007). Consider an example where a citizen is to make an emergency call, and then the security system at the police identifies the callers location followed by instant monitoring of the place on the nearest camera for the recent activities. This allows tracing the crime in the region and possible arrest of the culprits. From one side, this is superb, but from the other, the fact that the system identifies the caller location means that every other time with or without the call the people in the area are photographed and scrutinized (John, 2011). This infringes the privacy and is against the eighth amendment on the bill of rights (Bill of Rights Transcript Text, 1789). It actually seems to be a government tactic to control all the aspects of human life through use of surveillance cameras. Eventualy, the society might end up getting trailed, analyzed, with profiling and flagging their daily lives to unimaginable degree. This fact is a serious concern with the continuous erection of the survei llance cameras on the streets throughout the cities and towns. The cameras are installed on city streets, public ways, alleys, street sidewalks and open park spaces. Consider alleys without the cameras or lights and imagine the kind of crime that would be expected (Mathieu, 2008). As much as we demand privacy, there are areas that need the cameras for security purposes. The security watch-units can explore other options that would satisfy the public concerns of privacy and help to administer security. Considering the fact that the persons watching the cameras and scrutinizing them undergo training, makes the protocol strict focusing only on the necessities which are public safety and traffic (Traffic Management Center: Rhodeways). While some believe that the cameras and traffic lights have considerably reduced crime and traffic rules flaws in areas where they are installed, some people argue that the equipment pushes the crime to other areas. Their arguments simply endorse spreading of the systems to areas where they are not installed. In other words, they are arguing that crime takes place in areas where there are no cameras and there is adequat e privacy. In essence, one can argue along with them that the need for privacy is an endorsement for crime and traffic law breaking. Conclusion There is no possibility of eliminating the street lights and cameras just for the purpose of privacy. Damjanoviski (2005) argues that many countries and societies have gone beyond self-centered privacy outcry to embrace the technology which is fail proof in combating crime and traffic law breaking. In short, the concern that the cameras and street lights are an invasion of privacy comes from people who are either self-centered or have criminal intentions. Despite the fact that most of the roads and highways are equipped with the traffic lights and traffic cameras such as the CCTVs (Catalano, 2011), there is still a need to know how to use these equipments so as to avoid accidents in our roads (Amanzholov, 2008). In case the call for privacy was to be heeding, prior education and public awareness on how to behave on the roads either by drivers or pedestrians is necessary. This can also help in reducing the level of illiteracy of the people who use the public street daily, since they w ill be able to know how to go about traffic lights and how to drive safely. This will also help civilians to avoid crime prone areas. Road accidents could be avoided to a large extend. To enforce this to the drivers, the traffic lights and cameras come in handy. Catalano (2011) writes that crime prone areas in cities are normally in alleys, sideways and park zones. If patrol police were to monitor them, citizens would still complain of the failure because they would not be in position to tell all the crimes that are committed. This is why the cameras and street lights serve important roles in monitoring. It is, however, important to nurture ourselves to proper traffic rules and regulations that would help in reducing crime as well as maintaining high levels of safety in our roads and public places. This would have stopped the necessity of the traffic lights and cameras in the first place. By doing this, it is clear that our streets will be pleasant for us only when safe. Consequently, if various measures are put in place to secure the streets from dangerous criminal activities and accidents, all would be protecting the streets thus making an ample atmosphere for people. Privacy takes the second place in comparison to safety in the community. 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How to Write Papers for Graduate School

How to Write Papers for Graduate School Graduate study is all about writing, as the thesis or dissertation is the ticket to graduation. However, lots of writing occurs well before the thesis and dissertation are begun. Most graduate courses require students to write term papers. Many beginning graduate students are accustomed to writing papers and approach them in ways similar to undergraduate papers. As students advance and near the end of their coursework, they often look ahead towards the next task (such as preparing for comprehensive exams) and may begin to resent writing papers, feeling that they have already proven themselves as competent students. Both of these approaches are misguided. Papers are your opportunity to advance your own scholarly work and receive guidance to enhance your competence. Take Advantage of Term Papers How do you take advantage of papers? Be thoughtful. Choose your topic carefully. Each paper you write should do double duty - complete a course requirement and further your own development. Your paper topic should meet the course requirements, but it should also relate to your own scholarly interests. Review an area of literature related to your interests. Or you might examine a topic that you are interested in but unsure whether it is complex enough to study for your dissertation. Writing a term paper about the topic will help you determine if the topic is broad and deep enough to fulfill a large project and will also help you determine if it will sustain your interest. Term papers offer a place for you to test ideas but also to make progress on your current research interests. Double Duty Each assignment you write should do double duty: help you advance your own scholarly agenda and get feedback from a faculty member. Papers are opportunities to get feedback about your ideas and writing style. Faculty can help you improve your writing and help you learn how to think like a scholar. Take advantage of this opportunity and dont simply seek to finish. That said, take care in how you plan and construct your papers. Attend to ethical guidelines of writing. Writing the same paper over and over or submitting the same paper for more than one assignment is unethical and will get you into a great deal of trouble. Instead, the ethical approach is to use each paper as an opportunity to fill in a gap in your knowledge. Consider a student in developmental psychology who is interested in adolescents who engage in risky behaviors such as drinking and drug use. While enrolled in a course in neuroscience, the student might examine how brain development influences risky behavior. In a course on cognitive development, the student might examine the role of cognition in risky behavior. A personality course might push the student to look at personality characteristics that influence risk behavior. In this way, the student advances his or her scholarly knowledge while completing course requirements. The student, therefore, should be examining multiple aspects of his or her general research topic. Will this work for you? At least some of the time. It will be better in some courses than others, but, regardless, it is worth a try.

College Transfer Academic Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College Transfer Academic - Personal Statement Example arger diversity culture with more ideas and innovative resource inputs; and (3) the prospects of bringing my unique interdisciplinary inspiration to University of California. The genuine interest in the fields of Microbiology developed in childhood while living with my grandmother. In poor health, I remember my old grandma who had to ride her bicycle to take me to see a doctor every day. The persistent routine caught the hypertension syndrome because of the tiredness. This provided the impetus and determination to study medicine and biology. In high school, I became more and more interested in biology and was selected into a Biology Olympiad Team of the school to compete for the National Biology Olympiad as a representative of the school. Despite my inability to gain any national prize due to my naivety and lack of training, I was unnecessarily clumsy at doing experiment. During my freshman year, I became a laboratory researcher for one of the course’s instructors, Dr. Lee. I assisted in the laboratory doing experiments on microbial ecology to explain the global latitudinal diversity gradient phenomenon. The experiment itself was simple, determining heterozygosity of E. coli in different temperatures. However, the wealth of experience gain and the value of internship were realized in terms of the following: First, the microbiology experiment helped me to improve my laboratory skills initially gained from high school through governance and time management. Since I am in charge of the whole experiment and I am in charge of my schedule, I was able to creatively manage time and control the required variables for the indicated experiment. Thirdly, I realized that I am good at an interdisciplinary approach for the reason that was encouraged to explore diverse possibilities through experimentation in the laboratory and come up with interesting experiments I like, such as creating microbial paintings on culture dishes, among others. The lab experience encourages

On Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On Television - Essay Example He goes on questioning whether the television medium presents the topics accurately or imperatively. The problem of the journalists and the news field is focusing on the truth which has chances to get either approved or disapproved. Like what has been discussed in the argument that â€Å"television presentations almost automatically dumb down due to cultural –social and technological structures of the field†. But according to Bourdieu the documentary series or program takes a little time to reach the likeness or approval of the audience than the story telling session, or dramas. The reason he has analysed is that news reports will be concentrated towards emphasising the true incident which has brought changes in the television production of the news field in a cultural concept, and the relationship that exist between the intellectuals and the public or the political and the social community. The success of the journalism in television media seems to depend mostly on the responsibility that the intellectual takes to reach the political and the social community. He mainly argues the role and the impact of the journalistic field in a television media with the social and cultural structures. He looks at the solution form the perspective of an individual, and so he says that if an individual takes the role of organising a news documentary for a television presentation so cautiously keeping in mind the social and political expectation rather than obliging what the television industry has to impose on a cultural circle. The television has changed the role of the journalistic field, though it has all forms of technologies to present the information true to life, the journalistic media remains a decline among the public. This he finds due to many reasons one would be that television has all the powerful cultural means to present all the recent political as well as social and cultural issues more effectively than the print media, as a result the television industry and

American Government Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Government - Coursework Example The problem becomes the Federal Law of racial profiling. It is illegal to racial profile. The illegal immigrants that Arizona are targeting come from south of the border. The illegal immigrants are Hispanic looking. In order for the police to do their jobs they would have to racial profile under the state law, or ignoring the state law. The Federal law should rule on this subject. Since the Civil War Federal law has overrode state law. If we do not have a unified code of law than each state might as well be a country by itself. Secondly, racial profiling is wrong. If Arizona profiles Hispanics, the south would be able to profile blacks. Finally Federal law should prevail because every state, including Arizona, had representation when the Civil Rights Movement and racial profiling laws were passed. Majority rules in the United States. Federal law should rule over state law due to history and representation. Since the Civil War, Federal law has superseded state law. Every state sends representation to Congress, thus laws created are made by all states. In order to have a whole country, states must work together. Federal law should take precedent over state law in this case. If states want to have singular law, succession is another

Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile: Effects of Garlic and Ginger

Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile: Effects of Garlic and Ginger Comparative Efficacy of Garlic and Ginger on Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice Amna Masroor Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale are vegetables used for seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies as they hold insulinotropic properties playing significant role in maintaining ÃŽÂ ² cells helpful to lower blood glucose level in diabetes. Both are also siginificant in lowering blood lipid levels. The experimental trial of 4 week is planned to investigate the comparative effect of ginger and garlic on blood sugar level and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic mice. 25 male mice rats weighing between 40 and 50 g will be used for the study. Diabetes will be induced in fasted mice (12hrs) by a single dose intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. The diabetic state will be assessed by measuring the non-fasting plasma glucose concentration 72hrs after alloxan treatment. The rats with a plasma glucose level above 180mg/dl will be selected for the experiment and considered as diabetics. Mice will be divided into 5 groups having 5 in each as: No rmal Control (group 1), Diabetic control (group 2), Diabetic+ garlic (30g/100g diet group 3), Diabetic + ginger (30mg/kg diet group 4) and Diabetic + ginger and garlic (30g/ 100g group 5). In the end of trial the blood sugar and lipid parameters will be checked and compared. INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus and its allied discrepancies is one of the prominent menaces of developing economics. Pakistan is at 6th position however, at the end of the year 2030; approximately 376 million people will be suffered (Wild et al., 2004). Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that steadily affects different physiological systems of the human body. It is one of the leading causes of mortality in worldwide and, if uncontrolled, can threat multi-organs system (Zakir et al., 2008). Uncontrolled blood glucose is believed to be the cardinal feature in the onset of diabetic difficulties of both type 1 and type 2 (American Association of Diabetic Educators, 2002). Most common type is Type 2 category, while Type 1 diabetes develops in early childhood. Main reasons include sedentary lifestyles, energy rich diet, lack of physical exercise and obesity (Yajnik, 2001). Diabetes is mainly characterized by relative deficiency in insulin secretion or insulin action associated with hyperglycemia and malfunctioning in the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. It may also leads to various other complications like cardiovascular disorders, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction may develop (Nogichi, 2007; Rana et al., 2007).Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality all across the globe. Increased cholesterol level and LDL oxidation trigger events that initiate atherosclerosis (Matsuura et al., 2008; Andican et al., 2008; Whale and Heys, 2008). To cope with this situation a number of herbal medicines for diabetes mellitus and its allied diseases have been emerged (Alarcon-Aguilara et al., 1998; Marles and Farnsworth, 1995). Drug treatment is obligatory nevertheless, accompanied by various side effects and their effectiveness decreases with the passage of time (Zakir et al., 2008; Lapshina et al., 2006). Physical exercise and diet selection is one of the significant strategies to manage diabetes and its allied complications including immune dysfunction, degenerative and cardiovascular disorder. Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and their bioactive constituents hold insulinotropic properties playing significant role in maintaining ÃŽÂ ² cells helpful to address the menace. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an essential vegetable that has been widely utilized as seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies (Rivlin, 2001). Garlic has been shown to have diverse biological activities including antidiabetic, antithrombotic, anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antitumorigenetic and various other biological actions (Augusti, 1996).Scientific investigations have depicted that it contains 65% water, 30% carbohydrates along with 5 % of other bioactive components mainly sulfur containing compounds (Milner, 2001). Its important constituents are classified as; sulfur containing compounds and non sulfur containing compounds. Among these organosulphur compounds particularly cysteine sulfoxides and thiosulfinates have greater importance (Tapiero et al., 2004). Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) and S-allay cysteine are the main thiosulfinates out of which 60-80% is allicin (Lawson et al., 2001).Garlic and its various preparations have potential to lower total plasma cholesterol, reduction in blood pressure and alleviation of blood glucose level (Sterling and Eagling, 2001). Some studies confirmed anti hyperglycemic effects of garlic (Eidi et al., 2006). Garlic may act on blood glucose through various mechanisms and therefore directly lowers blood glucose level by exciting glycogenisis and preventing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis in muscles and hepatic (Ebomoyi et al., 2010). The fiber of garlic may also hamper carbohydrate absorption; thereby affecting blood glucose (Gholamali A Jelodar, 2005). Antioxidant property of garlic is another possible mechanism that makes it a contender as antidiabetic agent (Queiroz et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009). Antioxidant effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated product from garlic is considered to have antiglycation properties. Different supplementations of garlic hold remarkable effect on cholesterol level, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Consumption of garlic and garlic preparations are very useful in regulating plasma lipid levels (Lau, 2006), plasma anticoagulant activity (Pierre et al., 2005; Lawson et al., 1992) and also contributed toward the prevention of atherosclerosis process (Rehman and Lowe, 2006).Ginger is also very effective for lowering blood sugar, cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Bhandari et al., 1998). Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) commonly called Adrak belongs to family Zingiberaceae (Joshi, 2000). It is used in both ways as food additives (Flavor) or as a medicine and it is useful in preventing or treating a variety of human ailments including migraine headache, elevated cholesterol level, hepatotoxicity, burns, peptic ulcers, nausea, vomiting and motion sickness (Robbers and Tyler, 2002).Chemical constituents of ginger are camphene, cineol, zingiberine, gingerol and ÃŽÂ ²-ph ellandrene (Shinwari et al., 2006). Ethyl acetate extract of ginger produces significant reduction in glucose concentration and also decreases lipid level (Goyal and Kadnur, 2006). Acute dose of aqueous extracts of Z. Officinale rhizome shows hypoglycaemic activity (Kalejaiye et al., 2002). Ginger promotes glucose clearances in insulin responsive peripheral tissues, which is vital in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis (Li et al., 2012). Ginger treatment considerably reduces the both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (Akhani et al., 2004). The ethanolic extract of ginger also appreciably reduces serum total cholesterol and triglycerides and elevates the HDL-cholesterol levels; also, the extract can protects tissues from lipid peroxidation and shows a significant lipid lowering activity in diabetic rats. Objective: The present study is designed to investigate and explore the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic perspectives of raw garlic and ginger using alloxan induced biabetic mice modeling. Review of Literature: Ahmed and Sharma, (1997) studied on adult Wister rats were fed diet containing 0.5% ginger (group 3) and combination of ginger and garlic (group 4).Their results showed that the combination of garlic and ginger was much more effective in reducing blood serum cholesterol and blood glucose and in increasing HDL cholesterol. Hence a combination of garlic and ginger is much more effective in reducing blood glucose and serum lipids. Bhandari et al. (1998) studied the effect of ginger on cholesterol fed rabbits, after ten weeks, cholesterol fed rabbits had increased cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum lipoproteins and phospholipids. When extract of ginger was given the remarkably reduction in the cholesterol, serum triglyceride and serum lipid proteins and phospholipids was observed. Ahmed et al. (2000) examined the dietary effect of ginger on antioxidant dependent system in rats, and his results showed that ginger (Zingiber Officinale; 1% w/w) significantly lowered lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of the antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rats. Ackermann et al. (2001) conducted a study to see the effect of garlic on lipid profile and results indicated that garlic preparations had comparatively lower declines (1.2-17.3 mg/dl and 12.4-25.4 mg/dl) in total cholesterol level as compared to whole garlic after 1 and 3 month correspondingly. Bhandari et al. (2005) discovered that ethanolic extract of ginger significantly reduced serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels and increased HDL-cholesterol level as compared to diabetic rats, and the extract showed a significant lipid lowering activity and protect the tissues from lipid peroxidation. Goyal and Kadnur, (2006) reported that goldthioglucose cause a significant increase in body weight, glucose insulin level and lipid level in mice and when methanol and ethyl acetate extract of ginger were given to mice for eight weeks that produced significant reduction in glucose concentration and lipid level. Amin et al. (2006) studied the hypoglycemic potential of ginger.The aqueous extract ofraw ginger (500mg/kg) was given to the streptozitocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats for seven weeks. Fasting blood serum was examined and results indicated that the raw ginger was very effective in lowering the serum glucose. Afshari et al. (2007) estimated the effect of ginger powder on nephropathy induced by diabetes, and measured the changes in plasma lipid peroxidation, Wistar rats were treated after the grouping of 3 rats in each. Blood sample was collected from the heart of each rat. The results showed that ginger powder caused decrease in lipid peroxidation. Al-Qattan et al. (2008) reported that in STZ-induced diabetic rats which were injected intraperitoneally with ginger extract for seven weeks, the serum glucose was significantly lowered, and the urine protein reduced to the same level as the normal group. Histological examination clearly depicted that ginger effectively reduced the progression of structural nephropathy in diabetic rats. Islam and Choi, (2008) compared the anti-diabetic effects of dietary ginger and garlic in STZ induced Diabetic rats. In this trial 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat (HF) diet (22% fat) for 2 weeks and then randomly divided into six groups of eight animals: Normal Control (NC), Diabetic Control (DBC), Ginger Low (GNL), Ginger High (GNH), Garlic Low (GRL), and Garlic High (GRH) groups. Low and High indicate addition of 0.5% and 2.0% freeze-dried ginger or garlic powder in their respective diets.After 4 weeks data of this study suggested that ginger and garlic are insulinotropic rather than hypoglycemic while overall anti-diabetic effects of ginger are better than those of garlic. Shariatzadeh et al. (2008) exhibited the effect of garlic on lowering blood sugar and preventing and curing nephropathy in STZ induced diabetic rats. 32 male Wister rats were randomly divided into control, control+extract, diabetic and diabetic+extract groups (n=8).Treatment with aqueous-ethanolic extract of garlic (50mg/ kg/day) was followed for 4 weeks. The results revealed that there was significant decrease in blood sugar and increase in weight of kidney and volume of cortex,medulla and kidney. Abd-Elraheem et al. (2009) depicted the effect of ginger extract consumption on levels of blood glucose, lipid profile and kidney functions in alloxan induced-diabetic rats. In this study rats (130-150gm) were divided into 4 groups; normal control rats, diabetic control rats, diabetic rats post-treated with ginger and diabetic rats pretreated with ginger. Ginger extract was administered orally for 6 weeks to post-treated and pre-treated rats, and they were compared with the normal and diabetic groups, respectively. Plasma glucose, plasma lipid,plasma creatinine, urea and uric acid levels were reduced significantly in both post-treated and pretreated groups. Bing et al. (2011) conducted a study to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of enteric-coated ginger and garlic essence tablet on lipid profile of rats fed high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic subjects. One experimental group having hyperlipidemic rats was assigned to orally expose to three different doses of essence tablet for 30 consecutive days. In addition other experimental group of hyperlipidemic subjects received one piece of ginger and garlic essence tablet twice daily. After 30 days the data of serum lipid profile of both group was obtained which depicted that enteric-coated ginger and garlic tablet remarkably improved blood lipid profile in rats fed high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic subjects. Eyo et al. (2011) revealed the comparative hypoglycemic effect of the hypoglycemic increasing dosages of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extract on alloxan -induced diabetic rats. Increasing dosages (200, 250 and 300mg/kg bw ip) of A. cepa, A. sativum and Z. officinale aqueous extracts were given to the diabetic rats for six weeks and after six weeks blood glucose levels were determined and concluded that A. sativum, A. cepa and Z. officinale significantly decreased blood glucose as 79.7%, 75.4% and 56.7% respectively. Ashour et al. (2011) conducted a study was to investigate the short term effect of garlic oil on the antioxidant status as well as insulin level in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. In diabetic rats (two groups), one treated by garlic oil (200 mg/kg b.wt) and the other group treated by vehicle (corn oil; 2 ml / kg b. wt,) for 8 weeks. Results showed the significant increase in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, GPx, C-peptide and insulin on oral administrations of the garlic oil in the diabetic rats. Prasad et al. (2012) investigated hypolipidimic effects of ginger-juice in rat. Albino rats (n=6-12) were administered G.J at single dose (4ml/rat, p.o) as a chronic treatment over period of 21 days. After the 21 days the lipid profile parameters were checked and which indicated that treatment with ginger-juice in rats significantly reduced the total serum cholesterol level and significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol. So it was concluded that ginger juice has hypolipidemic effect. Sanghal et al. (2012) conducted a trial to check the comparative efficacy of ginger and garlic on hypertension and hyperlipidemia in rats. In this study total 18 rats were taken and equally divided into three (control, ginger and garlic) groups by random selection. Ginger and garlic (500 mg/kg orally) were given to two separate groups of rats fed on high fat diet for a period of 7 weeks. Blood pressure and lipid profile were measured on day 0 and after 7 weeks. Comparative results depicted that ginger has better although not significant preventive effect on systolic blood pressure and garlic has better preventive effect on lipid levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This experiment will be conducted to investigate the comparative effect of garlic and ginger on blood sugar level and lipid profile of alloxan induced diabetic mice. Plant Material: The A. sativum and Z. officinale used for the experiment will be purchased from the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. Animal Model: 25 mice weighing 30-35g will be purchased from National Institute of Health, Islamabad and kept in the animal house of the National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT), University of Agriculture Faisalabad. They will be maintained at a temperature of 25  ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 45 to 55% under 12-h light: 12-h dark cycle. They will be fed with normal diet and water ad libitum. Induction of Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes will be induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of aqueous alloxan monohydrate (40 mg/kg, i.v.) solution. After 72 hrs animals showing serum glucose level above 180 mg/dl (diabetic) will be chosen for the study. Experimental Protocol: The experimental animals will be divided into 5 groups; each group will contain 5 animals: Control group G1 (normal without treatment), diabetic control group G2 (injected with 40mg/kg b.w. of alloxan), diabetic mice treated with 30g/100g diet of garlic for 4 weeks G3, diabetic mice treated with 30g/100g diet of ginger for 4 weeks G4 and diabetic mice treated with 30g/100g diet containing mixture of garlic and ginger G5. Data Collection: Data will be collected for different parameters for body weight, feed and water intake. Collection of Blood Samples: At the end of 4 weeks blood samples will be collected by sacrificing the animals for determination of blood glucose and lipid profile. Proximate Analysis: The proximate analysis of garlic and ginger for moisture, total ash content, crude protein, fat, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract will be done by using the method given by AOAC (1990). Statistical Analysis: The resulting data will be subjected to some appropriate statistical techniques. Reflection | Physiotherapy Placement Reflection | Physiotherapy Placement The Department of Health (DoH) (2003) highlighted the importance for all professions currently regulated by the Health Professions Council to demonstrate competence through continuing professional development (CPD). CPD is a systematic, ongoing, structured process that encourages the development and maintenance of knowledge, skills and competency that assists us in becoming better practitioners (Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP), 2003). As a result of the Health Act (1999) and for registration with the Health Professions Council (HPC), CPD is a legal requirement (HPC Standards of Proficiency, 2007) that must be completed in accordance with the (HPC) Standards of Continuing Professional Development (HPC, 2006). This essay allows for demonstration of life-long learning using evidence from clinical practice and critical evaluation to contribute to my CPD. Learning outcome 5 will be demonstrated throughout this essay. Throughout this essay the reader is directed to the appendices to support theory with evidence of practice. I considered my motivations for undertaking CPD before writing this essay and reflected upon them again on completion (Appendix 1). Demonstrate professional behaviour with an understanding of the fundamental, legal and ethical boundaries of professional practice Beauchamp and Childress (2001) identify four ethical principles; Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice. These ethical principles can be used to morally reason whether an action or decision is right or wrong when used in conjunction with a set of guidelines (Kohlberg et al, 1983). Professional codes of conduct are developed within moral, ethical and legal frameworks to help guide and regulate practice (Hope et al, 2008). Every practitioner has clinical autonomy, therefore they are professionally and legally accountable for their actions. The following will discuss the importance of consent and duty of care for both legal and ethical reasons with regards to case 1 (Appendix 2), encounterd on practice placement 6 (PP6). Rule 9 of the HPC standards of conduct, performance and ethics (2008) states you must gain valid consent from a patient for any treatment you may perform or else you could face trial for assault, battery or negligence under civil or criminal law (Hendrick, 2002). It is a fundamental ethical priniciple that every person has a right to exercise autonomy (Article 9; Human Rights Act, 1998) and is reflected in the Core Standards of Physiotherapy Practice (CSP, 2005). Performing a procedure without gaining consent, undermines the moral priniciple of respect for patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s autonomy and human dignity (Sim, 1986). However, inability for Patient X to conform to the Mental Capacity Act (2005) meant he was treated in his best intrest in adherance to section 1.5 of this act and Rule 1 of the HPC (2008) standards of conduct, performance and ethics. Assuming the medical management of Patient X, a legal and professional duty of care was established (Rule 6; HPC, 2008). As part of this duty and in accordance with standard 2 of the CSP Core Standards of Physiotherapy, all interventions were explained to patient X despite his inability to consent. Had I not treated Patient X on the basis he had swine flu, this would have been failing to do justice to him, acting outside of the Disability Discrimination Act (2005) which states everyone should have equitable access to and utilisation of services regardless of disability and also Article 14 of the Human Rights Act (1998) in that no one should be discriminated against based on their health status. The Bolam Test (1957, cited in Dimond, 1999) states if duty of care to a client is breached and subsequent harm to the patient occurs, professional standards have not been kept and therefore negligence can be assumed. Although not legally binding, the CSP rules of professional conduct effectiv ely have the same status as law and failure to comply with them means they may not only be used in disciplinary hearings but also in legal proceeding as a civil case under the tort law of negligence (Dimond, 1999; Hendrick, 2002). In summary, a sound understanding of the legal implications surrounding consent and duty of care can help avoid unwanted litigation, however they should not undermine the ethical implications. Appendix 3 demonstrates how I have learnt from this experience. Assess the needs of a range of service users and, with reference to current professional knowledge and relevant research, apply, evaluate and modified physiotherapeutic intervention A service users is anyone who utilises or is affected by a registrants service (HPC, 2008). The complex needs of a service user encompass a range of issues including social, environmental, emotional and health related, the extent of which varies from person to person. For the purpose of this essay, the physiotherapeutic management of two patients treated whilst on PP6 with differing severities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations (Appendix 4) will be discussed. The National Institue for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines (NICE, 2004) in conjuntion with the guidelines for physiotherapy in respiratory care (British Thoracic Society (BST), 2008) advocates the use of active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) with expiratory vibrations on the chest wall for the treatment of COPD to help aid airway clearance. Inability for patient A to comply with ACBT indicated the use of manual hyperinflation (MHI) to passively inflate the lungs and aid mucocillary transport (Ntoumenopoulos, 2005). As identified by Finer et al (1979), atelectasis is a common problem observed in mechanically ventilated patients for which MHI has been found to be beneficial in reducing it in a well controlled clinical trial by Stiller et al (1996), scoring a PEDro rating of 6/10. Absence of a cough reflex in patient A, resulted in sputum retention and the increased risk of infection indicating the use of suctioning (Pryor and Prasad, 2002) by which, copious amounts of viscous secretions were cleared. Shorten et al (1991) supports the use of saline instilation to loosen secretions prior to suctioining however, conflicting arguments by Blackwood (1999) and Kinloch (1999) question its effectiveness. Patient Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s compliance with ACBT replaced the need for MHI and suctioning. Patient A developed bilateral shoulder subluxations due to his lengthy intubation for which subluxation cuffs were applied, as suggest by Zorowitz et al (1995) with positive effect. Despite this study being on stroke patients, the results can be generalised to other patient groups as proved. The importance of mobilising patients with regards to respiratory function is highlighted by Ciesla (1996), however mobilisation of critically ill patients is restricted as they are often non-ambulatory. A high quality, randomised control trial using fifty-six participants by Mackay et al (2005), identified mobilisation as superior to other respiratory techniques, therefore Patient B was encouraged to sit out and treated using a graduated walking program. In the case of Patient B, mobilisation constitutes any change in position therefore the use of postural drainage positions and positioning into the cardiac chair setting on the bed were used (BTS, 2008). The range of problems service users present with means practitioners need to be adaptable, drawing on current evidence, professional knowledge from different fields of physiotherpy practice and experiences through CPD to deliever indiviualised patient-centred care. Appraise self management of a caseload and modify practice accordingly, demonstarating effective teamwork and communication skills Caseload management typically refers to the number of cases handled in a certain timeframe by an individual for which they have a duty of care towards (Scottish Executive, 2006). It is the management of time effectively through appropriate priority-setting, delegation, and allocation of resources to meet the service demand of its users (Curtis, 2002). Self-management of a caseload and adaptability to changing circumstances is expected of a registrant (HPC, 2008). Well developed time management skills can make a workload more manageable and improve the effectiveness of treatments and quality of time with patients. Prioritising patients to the order in which they will be seen based on their needs is encouraged by SARRAH (2010), however Nord (2002) argues whether it can be justified to prioritise those in most need if their potential benefit may not be as great as those in less need. In my experience prioritisation is dependant on a variety of factors for example, the trust where PP6 was completed, enforced protected meal times which did not run alongside staff meal times. Therefore, to prevent there being a void in the day, patients were still prioritised according to need but considertation had to be given to see patients that would be eating first and treat those that would not be during protected meal times. It is essential to consider that a therapists workload includes not only patient care, but also admistrative and research tasks in which delegation to others can be a valuable stratergy to assist with workload mangement. Curtis, (1999), identifies the need for practioners to show greater awareness of other disciplines competancies so delegation can be more effective. Feedback systems should be enforced to ensure task completion and objectives are being met (Curtis, 2002). Inter-professional collaboration refers to the process by which different disciplines work together to improve healthcare (Zwarenstein et al, 2009). Poor collaboration amongst healthcare professionals contributes to problems in quality of patient care and consequently poorer outcomes (Zwarenstein and Byrant, 1997). Liaison with members of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) is encouraged by Shortell and Singer (2008) as practitioners are less likely to work off their own autonomy, ensuring patient safety, as demonstrated during handover in (Appendix 5). The learning objectives on PP6 to develop MDT collaboration and caseload management have been achieved as demonstrated in the feedback from my educator (Appendix 6) which identifies that improvement in self confidence will allow further development of the skills discussed. Demonstrate partnership with more junior students and/or appropriate others through the development of mentoring skills Mentoring is a process aimed at transfering knowledge, skills and psycological support from a more experienced person to a less experienced person, where the desired outcome is for both persons to achieve personal and professional growth (Anderson, 1987). An effective mentor facilitates, guides and empowers the mentee in becoming an independent learner (Coles, 1996) in which the relationships developed are based upon mutal respect, trust, confidentiality and shared beliefs and values (Lyons et al, 1990). The CSP (2005) acknowledges the importance of intergrating mentorship into CPD, in which the mentor develops a range of skills transferable to other CPD activities. This section focuses on peer mentoring as a concept, its practice and clinical application on an informal basis. Having identified the characteristics of a mentor (CSP, 2005), a SWOT analysis (Appendix 7) was completed to assist recognition of my personal learning needs. There are four stages to the mentoring life cycle (Appendix 8), in which the mentor needs to adopt and develop new skills to accommodate the mentee and guide them through the process. A qualitative study using a moderate sample size by Chan and Wai-Tong (2000) encourages the use of learning contracts (Appendix 9) to help establish rapports and facilitate autonomous learning which aids progression to stage two of the cycle. This is further supported in a recent review of the literature by Sambunjak et al (2009). Gopee (2008) recognises the importance of analysing the menteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs. Foster-Turner (2006) states that different people approach the learning process in different ways therefore, matching the learning styles of the mentor and mentee will produce a more productive and successful relationship (Mumford, 1995; Hale, 2000). Honey and Mumford (1992) suggested people tend to have a predominant learning style and can be classified as activists, reflectors, theorists or pragmatists (Appendix 10). Boud (1999) identifies raising self-awareness as an essential tool used in lifelong leaning and through analysis of learning styles using Honey and Mumfordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1992) questionnaire, this allowed for reflection on the style of learning that would best suit the mentee to help meet their learning needs (Foster-Turner, 2006) (Appendix 11). As identified by the learning style inventory, the mentee and myself were both reflective learners, therefore we arranged sessions where we could dreflect on a clinical experience and discuss how new learning could be applied to future events. A feedback form from the mentee (Appendix 12) an a SWOT analysis (Appendix 13) demonstrates how through increased self-awareness and review of the literature, I have developed a better understanding of the mentoring process, the skills required and its application in into clinical practice. Developing others is central to current and desired practice (DoH, 2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2002) in which mentorship offers all the key attributes to the process. Preparation of an individual for this role, through self assessment, is central to its success, in which the skills developed are lifelong and can enable development into management and leadership roles later on in life. Demonstrate skills of career-long learning Lifelong learning is used synonymously with CPD and is concerned with practitioners critically reviewing their skills and knowledgebase with the ultimate goal of providing a better standard of care to all service users (French and Dowds, 2008). A recent inquest into a practitioner who did not maintain his competencies, demonstrates the possible consequences of poor CPD (Appendix 14). Appendix 15 details a range of formal and informal activities that can be undertaken to contribute towards CPD, evidence of which can be documented in a portfolio. The importance of staff development is recognised by the DoH documents (2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2002) which sets out the Governments vision of an NHS that prepares allied health professionals with the skills to take advantage of wider career opportunities and realise their potential. By using the competency based framework; The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (2004), physiotherapists can participate in development reviews which identify development opportunities and contribute to the fulfilment of personal development plans.